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McMartin Preschool Trial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

McMartin Preschool Trial - Essay Example The caution in the image separated from the sexual maltreatment charge by the people in question, they additionally professed to have seen flying, went in tourist balloon, some different cases by the casualties were that they experienced an underground passage. The most diverting case by the casualty was that on-screen character Chuck Norris mishandled him. After truly exploring the speculations given by the youngsters, there was no significant proof to back such claim. A clashing objective for this situation is refered to when an observer who had before under the watchful eye of the legal dispute confessed to be intellectually flimsy, the casualty is evaluated through the investigator and the aftereffect of his psychological status is managed to have been brought about by the occasions of the preliminary. He proceeds in asserting that Raymond Bucker was explicitly attacking schoolchildren and was equipped for flying. Legislative issues assume a job for this situation when the underlying examiner Mr. Glenn Stevens utilizes his situation to impact the legal dispute by shaping the victim’s proclamation, the guardians and instructors assume a job in figuring their children’s articulation during the meeting. The guard group together scrutinized the unwavering quality of such a demonstration could happen to numerous understudy furtively without no one having a trace of what is happening for such a significant stretch of time. The nearness of the media at the court as they attempt to catch each and every insight concerning the sex embarrassment that hit the pre-school likewise made the circumstance to be such a tremendous outrage. The investigator denied the safeguard lawyers group some fundamental analytical data that could help the guide their proof. The guard lawyers changed the public’s feeling by contending that a significant wrongdoing caused was by the media to offer an input survey concerning Buckey since he merited a reasonable preliminary at the courtrooms. The other issue was the fruitful evacuation of an appointed authority through a court movement. This caused people in general to have another view looking into the issue. The investigator, press

7 Reasons Why You Dont Want to Miss Writing.ie

7 Reasons Why You Dont Want to Miss Writing.ie As a self-described complete online magazine, Writing.ie has a vast collection of writing resources for writers across genres and around the globe, although its seat of operations is in Dublin, Ireland. Additionally, it offers an events calendar that is absolutely free for authors wishing to announce a literary event or book launch. That, combined with a Resources Page updated often and weekly make the site a useful bookmark for any writer looking for tips, inspiration, marketing outlets, or even the chance to Tell your own story to like-minded authors who access the site daily.The site is established and run by Vanessa Fox OLoughlin, one of Irelands leading literary scouts and former consultant and presenter for WritersWebTV, bringing free, live, online workshops to writers worldwide.In case these details alone are not temptation enough to visit and bookmark the site, here are seven reasons why if youre a writer, you dont want to miss all that Writing.ie has to offer.Writing.ie is a website full of great blogs across several genres and topics related to the writing process and industry.#1. Kate Dempseys Poetic License blogAs one of many guest blogs published on the site, Kate Dempseys Poetic License blog has much to offer writers interested in the art of poetry. It primarily focuses on competitions and publishing opportunities open to poets across a scope of topics and highlights interesting calls for poems both in the U.K. and around the world. For example, this call for submissions for poems about scientists experience announces the opportunity for writers, who find themselves at that strange intersection of science and poetry, to submit their work to a paid anthology entitled Spectral Lines. Although the submission deadline has passed for this particular work, it highlights some of the fascinating opportunities for poets that the blog offers. If youre a poet, its incredibly helpful to know whos looking for your poems and where to send them. If youre a poet in the Dublin area, or the U.K., this is an opportunity you certainly dont want to miss.#2. Hazel Gaynors Carry On Writing blogAs an acclaimed New York Times, USA Today and internationally bestselling author of five novels, Hazel Gaynors debut post, A Beginning and an End, is a great taste of the kind of honest approach she takes in the blog. Heres a quote from it:Im starting to think publishing deals dont really exist, that theyre just myths, the stuff of legend; about as simple to track down as the Ark of the Covenant or the golden snitch.Being an aspiring writer is no easy thing, as any aspiring writer will tell you. Its a lonely, frustrating occupation, riddled with potential for disappointment and despair but â€" and heres the thing â€" with the benefit of hindsight, Ive come to the conclusion that the rejections and close-shaves have made me more determined than ever to succeed. Of course, Id be lying if I said I hadnt thrown the occasional strop on the way to reaching this co nclusion, or curled up on the sofa in a deep rejected-author malaise, unable to speak to anyone, let alone turn on the laptop or pick up a pen, but Im pleased to have reached this conclusion all the same.Hazel Gaynor#3. Louise Phillipss Crime Scene blogIf you write crime or thriller novels, Louise Phillipss Crime Scene blog is for you. Ranging from her lists of Delicious Reads of Irish Crime Fiction books to calls for submissions for Crime novelists, this blog offers information about new books in the genre that have launched, writing conferences and courses, and tips for writers looking to sharpen their crime writing skills. She also offers writing tips and advice for the genre, which can be a great help for anyone looking to break into the industry with their own crime novel.#4. Olivia Hope and Niamh Garveys Flourish Blogs about writing for childrenWritten and curated by Olivia Hope and Niamh Garvey, Down the Rabbit Hole by Flourish and Blogs offers fascinating explorations of th e genre for anyone interested in writing and publishing childrens books. As an example article, Uncomfortable Childrens Books is an examination of the question of what topics are safe for childrens literature. In it, Garvey writes:This is a generation where mental health problems are beginning younger and younger in children. Childhood anxiety, depression and low self-esteem are on the increase. There is a tendency to panic, to think we must protect our children and teenagers from any hardship, to helicopter around them dropping cotton wool at their feet and shaded glasses on their eyes in case they see something unpleasant. They mustnt read that book, where people starve to death, where people die violently, where families are ripped apart, because it will make them sad. And yet, those same children and teenagers are allowed online alone, where more real-life danger lies than the in woods down the road at night.Niamh GarveyIn addition to their thoughtful criticism, this writing due include within their blog childrens book events, new releases, lists of must-reads, and more. As a parent and a writer, I found this blog to be an intriguing and thoughtful read, even though I dont plan to publish in the childrens book genre.#5. Tara Sparlings The Lighter Side blog offers satire and humorIn this blog about book humor, selling trends, marketing and character stereotype follies, Tara Sparlings writing lifts the spirits of her readersâ€"often by stating the obvious on a not-so-obvious path to writing a bestseller. For example, in her post, Who Are You NOT Writing For This Year?, she takes a satirical approach to the all-important writers audience and offers a handy list of all the people you are definitely NOT writing for in 2019. Included on this list are: The cool kid in your class you asked out when you were 15, your ex-spouse, your current spouse, your next spouse, and book reviewers, among others.In another post, You Think 5-Star Reviews Are So Great? Think Again , she asks:Youre certain you want to award 5 stars to this? The highest accolade of them all? This is truly one of the best books youve ever read? Its better than the last 20 books you read and the 20 you read before that?No it isnt. Stop 5-starring like its the 1980s. Give it the solid and absolutely fine 3 it deserves.Tara Sparling#6. Derek Flynns SongBook blog about writing from a musicians perspectiveAs an Irish writer and musician, Derek Flynn has much to say about the connections and inspiration he draws from music, including an ongoing series like this one with interviews of various authors asking about how music has shaped and inspired their writing.Other articles approach literature and writing through music-related concepts, such as this piece titled Literary One Hit Wonders, which discusses famous authors known only by one book. He writes:Of course, when we mention literary one hit wonders, most people will think of Harper Lee and To Kill A Mockingbird, possibly the most famous example (and well ignore the dubious release of Go Set A Watchman). But there are some otherâ€"probably equally as famousâ€"examples. There is, of course, JD Salinger, author of Catcher in the Rye, who subsequently wrote only a handful of short stories and novellasâ€"no more novelsâ€"and gave his last interview in 1980.But while Lee and Salinger chose not to write any more novels, there are others who died before getting the chance to write more, leaving us wondering what might have been.Derek FlynnFlynn also writes of local publishing opportunities or jobs available in the industry, as well as competitions and anthologies seeking submissions.#7. Resources for writersFinally, and as mentioned earlier, the websites section for Resources for writers is packed with valuable information and links to sources writers can use throughout the drafting, editing, publishing and marketing phases of their writing journey.The Resources tab of the site offers links to sources writers can us e throughout the entire process of writing, from first draft to marketing the published work.In the Resources submenu, there are links to the following directories or sources, with additional submenus within each:Services for writersEssential guidesGetting publishedBetter fiction guidesBetter nonfiction guidesWrite for stage and screenBetter poetry guidesDeveloping your craftNational Emerging Writers Program (NEWP)Final takeawayWhile many of the literary events, book signings, and course offerings showcased in writing.ie are for the Dublin, Ireland and Greater U.K. area, there are parts of the site and blogs that provide great sources for writers around the globe. The section I found most helpful as a writer is the Writing Competitions under the Magazine menu. It was chock full of calls for submission, competitions, anthology notices, and publishing opportunities for writers of all genres, and included important information such as deadlines, how to submit your manuscript, and links to the main website for each entity seeking writers or submissions. Ill be using it in the coming months to seek out publishing opportunities and I hope youll be equally as excited about the excellent opportunities that are available.

How Much Did Medicine and Treatment Progress (Change and...

How much did medicine and treatment progress (change and continuity) between 1350 and 1750? In medicine there were many things that changed and some that stayed the same between 1350 and 1750. Initially I will be looking at medicine and treatment in the Ancient World as a prelude to its importance during the Renaissance period, and also the influence it may have had in the Middle Ages. During Ancient times, cure and prevention of illness and disease were not very well developed – people would blame their ill health on Gods, witches, demons or other supernatural causes. They had many theories, such as God punishing them for their sins. The Ancient Greeks began to believe that illnesses had a natural cause – in about 400 BCE, a doctor†¦show more content†¦After 300 CE, Romans officially converted to Christianity, and this thoroughly encouraged people to think illness and disease had natural rather than supernatural causes. Roman doctors were encouraged to expand their knowledge of the human anatomy, which also helped medical understanding progress – however, they still could not carry out dissections. Claudius Galen was an Ancient Roman born in about 129 CE in Greece. He believed the theory of the Four Humours and wrote many books based on this theory, which were to be used by generations to come. He developed the Theory of Opposites – when the four humours became unbalanced, he would give something opposite to the humour that was in excess. An example of this is that if a patient had phlegm (which he associated which hot and dry), they would eat cold food – such as cucumber – drink lots of water and stand out in the rain. Unlike previous and future periods in time, the Ancient Romans believed strongly in personal hygiene. They had public baths in every town and city, and would conduct business there, sending up to two hours a day in them. Canals and aqueducts were designed to carry water to the people in towns, as well as having fresh water and drains. Sewers were cleaned by rainwater, which prevented them for blocking up. All this made a massive change to people’s health as they were much more hygienicShow MoreRelated_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesgraduated from Iowa State University with a major in mathematics and, while acquiring graduate degrees at the University of Iowa, concentrated on statistics, computer programming, psychometrics, and test development. Currently, he divides his duties between teaching and evaluation; in addition to teaching, he is the assessment facilitator for the Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Community Schools. In his spare t ime he enjoys reading and hiking. He and his wife have a daughter, Anna, who is a graduate student in CivilRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pagestoday’s health care system, while repairing 6 the aspects that are broken. 7 (3) INSURANCE 8 REFORMS.—This division— (A) enacts strong insurance market re- 9 forms; 10 (B) creates a new Health Insurance Ex- 11 change, with a public health insurance option 12 alongside private plans; 13 (C) includes sliding scale affordability 14 credits; and 15 (D) initiates shared responsibility among 16 workers, employers, and the Government;

Islam- Misunderstood Religion - 564 Words

Introduction Islam is indeed a misunderstood and misrepresented religion in the West. It is for any seeker of the truth who might once have wondered what the religion of Islam is all about, who Allah is, what ultimate goal of man’s existence is. These questions and many others come up on different occasions but are brushed aside for various reasons. When we consider the way so many generations in the West were instructed in the religious problems facing humanity and admit the ignorance in which they were kept about anything related to Islam. Hence, Islamic ideals remain unclear from the vast majority of non-Muslims. However, it will open before you a new dimension of thinking and enable you to realize the importance of your role as a human being in this universe and the relationship between you and our Creator, God, the All Mighty Allah. It presents Islam to you in a nutshell and provides straightforward answers to many questions about Islam and about its credibility. Islam Islam is a believe that there is only one God (Allah), religious tradition that developed in the Middle East in the 7th century C.E. Islam, which literally means surrender or submission, was founded on the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad as an expression of surrender to the will of Allah, the creator and sustained of the world. The Quran, the sacred text of Islam, contains the teachings of the Prophet that were revealed to him from Allah. Essential to Islam is the belief that Allah is the oneShow MoreRelatedIslam: The Misunderstood Religion1879 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿ISLAM: The Misunderstood Religion Islam is probably the most misunderstood and misinterpreted religion in the world. This misfortune can be traced back to the day of crusades when Islam was portrayed as a barbaric and pagan religion in the western society. Unfortunately, this misconception prevailed in the western society and hence Islam became to be associated with various misconceptions, false stories, and biased accounts that became part of scholarly articles and authentic histories. HoweverRead MoreThe Misunderstood Religion of Islam609 Words   |  2 PagesIslam is perhaps the supreme misunderstood religion today, among non-Muslims and among some of the Muslims themselves. There are both historical and modern influences that might clarify this misconception of Islam within certain rings in the West. One should start with the fact that Islam, represented historically as the Ottoman Empire man Empire, occupied parts of Europe, which had certainly not occurred to European civilization before. Then there were the Crusades, which was Christendom attemptingRead More The Media and Mass Misinterpretation of Islam Essays893 Words   |  4 PagesThe Media and Mass Misinterpretation of Islam As the cross is the symbol of Christianity, the Star of David the symbol of Judaism, the Crescent Moon and Star are supposedly the symbols of Islam. Islam at its core is a peaceful religion, which like many other religions over the ages has at times been misunderstood not only as to the values it preaches, but also in relation to its core beliefs. Although in today’s post September 11th world Islam and its followers, who are also known as MuslimsRead MoreJihad Is A Symbol Of Destruction And Terrorism909 Words   |  4 PagesArguably the most misunderstood term in the religion of Islam, Jihad could mean one of two things: a struggle for or against something or a Holy War against a nation. The idea of Jihad came about when Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), most praised and recognized Prophet of Islam, wanted to spread Islam. Today, Jihad is a symbol of destruction and terrorism. It is frequently seen in the headlines of Western media as a demeaning term meaning an all-out explosive battle has been ensuing betweenRead More Thomas W. Lippmans Understanding Islam Essay1224 Words   |  5 PagesThomas W. Lippmans Understanding Islam Thomas W. Lippman gives an introduction to the Muslim world in the book Understanding Islam. He has traveled throughout the Islamic world as Washington Post bureau chief for the Middle East, and as a correspondent in Indochina. This gave him, in his own words, sharp insight into the complexities of that turbulent region. However, the purpose of the book is not to produce a critical or controversial interpretation of Islamic scripture. It is insteadRead MoreReligion1264 Words   |  6 PagesMisconceptions about Islam – A personal perspective Islam may be the most misunderstood religion in the United States. The impression that majority of non-Muslim Americans have is usually obtained through the media which typically represent Islamic countries or groups in the middle of a Holy War. These wars are usually waged by Islamic Fundamentalist who use terrorism and other violent acts to get their messages across giving Islam a negative reputation. Because of the lack of understandingRead MoreThe Misconceptions About Women in Islam Essay1326 Words   |  6 PagesAbout Women in Islam While people in the west think that women in Islam are oppressed, they do not know that Islam liberated women from oppression. There are many people who have opinions about the religion of Islam, but mostly about the women who follow it. Westerners have this idea that women in Islam are disrespected, mistreated and oppressed. In actuality, these allegations are incorrect. Women in Islam have rights and are not oppressed. The veil is widely misunderstood and many do notRead MoreA Discussion Of Faith Rose Surrounding The World Trade Center1630 Words   |  7 PagesMarch 22nd, a question of faith rose surrounding the sanctity of the Islamic faith. In an article meant to expose answers to this very question John Kasich brings up a point that when people claim France is at war with Islam, they actually should be referring to radical Islam. This point pulled further controversy as those who were not Islamic began to wonder if the faith condoned suicide bombings in the name of ex pelling infidels and bringing the coming of the Caliphate. Another case mentionedRead MoreReflection Paper for Inside Islam638 Words   |  3 PagesReflection Paper Two On the film Inside Islam Submitted to: Prof. Elma M. Lumantas Submitted by: Cresinte Gumilao Subject: History 3 Day and Time: T-Fr 4:00-5:30 School: MSU-GSC Date: March 10, 2011 Part 1. Summary Inside Islam’s background comes from this often misunderstood faith back to its tradition origins before and within the Hebrew Bible, also providing information about on how the religions central constituents helps spread Islam religious belief throughout the world. ThisRead MoreDoes the Media Correctly Portray Islam? Essay861 Words   |  4 Pagesrecent survey, a television network randomly asked people what came to mind when they heard the word Islam (Boston Globe 2005). The majority of the responses were 9/11, terrorists, suicide bombers, Saddam Hussein, and other things along those lines. This may have reinstated the opinions of those who thought poorly of Islam, and already believed it to be a United States hating terrorist religion. Now I see these fallacies even more clearly because I too had similar beliefs; but after taking a course

Biol 130 First Midterm Notes Free Essays

Unit 1 – Introduction to the Cell Robert Hooke – built the first microscope (30x magnification); viewed slices of cork called cellula (little rooms). Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek – worked with glass huge improvement in quality of lenses nearly 300x magnification became possible first to observe: * single-celled organisms â€Å"animalcules† * protists from pond water * bacteria from his mouth – â€Å"father of microbiology† * blood cells * banded pattern in muscle cells * sperm from †¦ 1830s – Compound microscope – improved magnification and resolution and allowed visualization of objects less than 1 ? . 1000-1500x magnification Beginning of Cell Theory Robert Brown (botanist) – noticed that every plant cell contained a round structure called it ‘kernel’-nucleus Matthias Schleiden (another botanist) – all plant tissues are composed of cells; embryonic plant always arose from a single cell Theodor Schwann (zoologist) – similar observations in animal cells; recognition of structural similarities btw plants and animals! * Cell Theory formulated by Schwann Cell Theory 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Biol 130 First Midterm Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now all organisms consist of one or more cells 2. he cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms 3. added 20 years later: all cells arise only from pre-existing cells fact (scientific) – an attempt to state our best current understanding, based on observations and experiments(valid only until revised or replaced) Steps in Scientific Method 1. make observations 2. use inductive reasoning to develop tentative explanation (hypothesis) 3. make predictions based on your hypothesis 4. make further observations or design and carry out controlled experiments to test your hypothesis 5. nterpret your results to see if they support your hypothesis Theory – a hypothesis that has been tested critically under many different conditions andby many different investigators . using a variety of different approaches. By the time an explanation is regarded as a theory it is widely accepted by most scientists in the cell * the â€Å"solid ground† of science: evolution, germ the ory, cell theory *If a theory is thoroughly tested and confirmed over many years by such large numbers of investigators that there is no doubt of its validity †¦ it may eventually be regarded as a law. Gravity, laws of thermodynamics, laws that govern behaviour of gases ‘Strands’ of Cell Biology 13 cytology 1600s Hooke looks at cork Leeuwenhoek looks at lots of things 1800s Brown notes nuclei bio-chemistry synthesis of urea in lab fermentation done by cells! glycolysis Krebs cycle every cell comes from a cell Schleiden Schwann formulate cell theory electron microscopy stains dyes genetics Mendel, pea plants DNA chromosomes chromosome theory 1930s DNA double helix DNA sequencing Dolly the sheep! nano-technology! genetic code Light Microscopy: Bright field – light passes through specimen, contrast is slow and specimen is hard to see Phase contrast – contrast is changed by changing light in microscope DIC – uses optical modifications to change contrast between cell and background – due to density differential Staining – stain used to visualize cell and components, only some stains can be used on living cells 14 bright field phase contrast DIC unstained (sperm cells) stained blood cells tissue – small intestine Fluorescent Microscopy – fluorescent dyes bind to protein or DNA to see where they are in cells – tracks movement Electron Microscopy(Scanning Transmission): SEM – scan surface of specimen to form image by detecting electrons from outer surface. Good surface images TEM – forms image from electrons passing through specimen therefore fine details of internal organelles 16 SEM TEM Basic Properties of Cells: * are highly complex and organized * atoms molecules macromolecules (organelles ) enclosed in plasma membrane * use the same ‘genetic program’ Central Dogma * DNA RNA protein * are capable of reproducing themselves * must first replicate genetic material acquire and use energy (â€Å"bioenergetics†) and carry out a variety of chemical reactions (â€Å"cellular metabolism†) * have many processes that are highly conserved at the molecular level * membrane structure, genetic code, ATP synthesizing enzymes, actin filaments, eukaryotic flagella, †¦ * engage in many mechanical activities * transport of materials in/out, within * assembly and disassembly of structures * motility / movement * respond to environmental signals * move away or toward stimuli * respond to hormones, growth factors, etc * are capable of self-regulationâ€Å"homeostasis† most evident when control systems break down; defects in DNA replication, DNA repair, cell cycle control Two Classes of Cells – karyon = nucleus Prokaryotic Cells: lack of nucleus, NO CYTOSKELETON(very small), membrane bound organelles. Mostly unicellular. Bacteria and Archaea. Single, circular strand of DNA(fewer proteins). Cell wall in addition to PM 1-10 uM in diameter. 2 types: 1. Eubacteria – all have cells walls except for mycoplasma(resistant to antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis). Mycoplasma(smallest) Cyanobacteria (largest and most complex). 2. Archaeabacteria – all have cell walls and are known as extermophiles, occupy broad range of habitats, halophiles=salty, acidophiles=acid, thermophiles= hot. Eukaryotic Cells: 10x larger than prokaryotic cells, membrane bound nucleus/organelles. More complex DNA due to histones/proteins. 4 groups: 1. Protists- very diverse group – mostly single cells; algae, water molds, slime molds, protozoa 2. Fungi – single cell(yeast) or multi-cellular(mushrooms) and have cell walls. Heterotrophs; depend on external source of organic compounds 3. Plant cells- multi-cellular and have cell walls. . Animals- multi-cellular, no cell walls and are heterotrophs Cytoplasm – everything between plasma membrane and nuclear membrane, includes all membrane-bound organelles (except nucleus) Cytosol – only fluid component Endomembrane system – internal membranes that are either in direct contact or connected via transfer of vesicles (sacs of membrane). including: nuclea r envelope / membrane, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles Nucleus – stores genetic information Endomembrane System – creates intracellular compartments with different functions. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER; rough, smooth), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes. Mitochondria – generate energy to power the cell Chloroplasts – capture energy from sunlight, convert to carbohydrate Cytoskeleton – regulates cell shape, movements of materials within the cell, movement of the cell itself Flow of Traffic in EMS – Rough ER: synthesis of proteins for – export (secretion) – insertion into membranes – lysosomes Golgi apparatus: collection, packaging distribution Lysosomes * cell ‘stomachs’ have enzymes that can digest †¦ * all 4 classes of biological macromolecules worn-out organelles (mitochondria replaced every 10 days) * material brought into cell by phagocytosis Phagocytosis – plasma membrane engulfs smaller molecule and then called phagosome. Lysosome takes it in and digests, small particles are releases into the cytoplasm. Autophagy – lysosome digests a damaged organelle, small particles are relea sed into cytosol. mitochondria (all eukaryotic cells) and chloroplasts (plant cells): * contain DNA that encodes some (but not all) of their own proteins * have unusual double layers of membranes Origin of Eukaryotic Cells: Endosymbiont Theory * once believed that eukaryotes evolved gradually, organelles becoming more and more complex * now accepted that early eukaryotes originated as predators * certain organelles (mitochondria, chloroplasts) evolved from smaller prokaryotes engulfed by larger cell * later chloroplasts and the ability to perform photosynthesis Symbiosis – Mutual Advantage advantage to host cell: * aerobic respiration (aerobic bacteria mitochondria) * photosynthesis (cyanobacteria chloroplasts) advantage to bacteria: * protected environment supply of carbon compounds from host cell’s other prey Evidence Supporting Endosymbiont Theory mitochondria and chloroplasts †¦ * are similar size to bacteria, reproduced by fission like bacteria * have double membranes, consistent with engulfing mechanism * have their own ribosomes, which resemble those of prokaryotes rather than eukaryotes in terms of size, composition and sensitivity to antibiotics * have their own genomes, which are organized like those of bacteria last but not least: * are genetically similar to proposed ‘parent’ bacteria rather than ukaryotic cells Cytoskeleton important in: * cell shape * cell motility * movement / position of organelles * movement of materials within cell * movement of chromosomes during mitosis Cytoplasm in a living cell is never static * cytoskeleton is constantly being taken apart and rebuilt * organelles and vesicles are racing back and forth * can cross the cell in ~ 1 second * unattached proteins moving randomly, but rapidly * can visit every corner of the cell within a few seconds * contents of cytosol are in constant thermal motion Common to all cells: * selectively permeable plasma membrane * genetic code; mechanism of transcription and translation * ATP for the transfer of energy and metabolic pathways Model Organisms 45 Unit 2a – Intro to Cellular Chemistry Most Common Elements in Living Organisms: * C H O N – make up 96% – also P and S are common too * Exist as complex macromolecules and simpler forms like water and carbon dioxide nucleus – dense core in centre, consists of protons and neutrons electrons – continually orbit the nucleus # of protons – defining feature of an element = atomic number – # protons + # neutrons = mass of an atom = mass number – by default, an atom is ‘neutral’, with # protons = # electrons – electrons influence reactivity of an atom †¦ Atomic mass = atomic number + # of neutrons (electrons are neglected because mass is so small) Isotopes – same number of protons but different number of neutrons in the same element Anion – gain electron and are negatively charged Cation – lose electron and are positively charged Outermost ‘valence’ shell influences an atom’s reactivity * electrons in outermost shell valence electrons * unpaired valance electrons determine the number of bonds an atom can make * atoms with filled valance shell = most stable, atoms that are closest to filling are most reactive * elements abundant in organisms have at least one unpaired valence electron Some Definitions: covalent bonds – two or more atoms share pairs of valence electrons * strong bonds of biological systems non-covalent bonds, including * ionic bonds * hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) * hydrophobic interactions olecule – group of atoms held together by energy in a stable association compound – molecule composed of two or more different types of atoms Types of Covalent Bonds * electrons shared ‘equally’ * non-polar covalent bond * can be single (like H2), double (O2) or even triple, depending on number of electrons shared * electrons not shared equally * polar covalen t bond * one of the atoms has a stronger pull on the electrons than the other * pull on electrons = electronegativity * water is the most abundant molecule in biological organisms * human body is ~70% water water as a solvent can dissolve more types of molecules than other molecule known * the polarity of water is key to its role in biology hydrogen bonding – electrical attraction between electronegative atom and partial positive of hydrogen hydrophobic – no affinity for water – â€Å"water fearing† hydrophilic – affinity for water – â€Å"water loving† Acid-base Reaction substance that gives up (donates) protons acid (increases [H+] in solution) substance that accepts protons base (decreases [H+] in solution) chemical reaction that involves transfer of protons acid-base reaction * most olecules act as either an acid or a base * water can be both (both gives up and accepts protons) weak acid: very few molecules dissociated (acetic aci d, water) strong acid: readily gives up protons (hydrochloric acid) when pH = pKa species is 50% ionized Carbon is the most important element in biology carbon atoms give biomolecules their shape but other atoms attached to carbons determine their reactivity * critical H, N, O containing attachments called functional groups *learn orgo functional groups for this course Macromolecules * large, organized molecules that are typically created by polymerization * biological macromolecules (biomolecules) provide the structure and carry out the activities of a cell 4 groups: * carbohydrates(polysaccharides) * lipids(fats) * proteins * nucleic acids * monomers of groups are different – chemical reactions used to make the chains are similar Overview of Macromolecules 3 Proteins – more functions than any other group of macromolecule * enzymes – catalysis; accelerate chemical reactions transport – through cell membranes, in circulation * support – cytoskeleton, fibres of cartilage, hair, nails * signalling / regulatory – hormones, membrane proteins, intracellular messengers * movement- of the cell itself – contractile proteins, flagella – within the cell – motor proteins * defense – antibodies, complement proteins Proteins are Polymers * amino acids are connected in linear polymers of a spe cific sequence * 20 genetically encoded amino acid monomers to pick from * string of amino acids (AAs) = peptide or polypeptide polypeptide folded and coiled into a specific conformation = protein * sometimes 2 or more peptide chains (subunits) combine to form mature, functional protein Amino Acid Structure AAs are ionized under physiological conditions ionization increases solubililty, facilitates interactions with each other and other solutes, increases reactivity (zwitterions) 7 non-ionized ionized R group unique to each AA oxygens tend to pull electrons away, making it easy to lose proton gains a proton Amino Acid Side Chains – R Groups: * nonpolar – hydrophobic R groups no charged or electronegative atoms to form H bonds * insoluble in water * R groups bury themselves with the peptide chain to ‘hide’ from water * polar side chains – soluble in water * uncharged – but partial charges can form H-bonds * charged – groups containing a cids or bases – highly soluble in water AA are linked together by covalent peptide bonds: carbon from carboxyl group is linked to N terminus of amino group. R groups and central C’s do not participate in the bond. Condensation Reaction – making the chain Hydrolysis – breaking the chain Polypeptide chain: side chains extend from peptide-bonded backbone * chain is flexible – can rotate at single bonds on either side of peptide bonds * so side chains are not all projecting to one side! * chains can be from 2-3 to thousands of AAs in length * backbone is directional, convention is to number AA ‘residues’ starting at N terminus this is the primary sequence Sickle Cell Anemia – disease in which red blood cells are abnormally shaped. Caused by single point mutation which results in substitution of single amino acid in one chain of hemoglobin protein Protein Structure: Primary Structure – unique sequence of amino acids Secondary Structure – Folding into elements of structure, hydrogen bonding between amino acids(R groups not involved). 2 shapes: alpha helix and beta pleated sheet(parallel and antiparallel). * learn more Tertiary Structure- interactions of elements of secondary structure forming a global fold, folded into these unique shapes by ionic bonds (electrostatic),hydrogen bonds, disulphide bridges, hydrophobic interaction, van der waals – dipole-dipole(all non-covalent except for S-S). Order of amino acids determines final shape. Maintain globular shape even if very weak. Quaternary Structure – more than one polypeptide chain put together to form the final functional protein, linked by covalent and non-covalent interactions. Protein Domain – segment of polypeptide that forms a compact, stable and independently folding structure. Often the building blocks for larger, more complex proteins. Disulfide bonds * covalent stabilization of protein structure found in secreted proteins (destined for a more hostile extracellular environment) * formed in ER (oxidizing environment) Once folded, do proteins ever unfold? changes in physical or chemical conditions (pH, salt concentration, temperature) disruption of H-bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges, etc that maintain the protein’s shape protein ‘denatures’ or unfolds Possible to renature Do proteins ever fold incorrectly? any mutation that leads to a missing or incorrect amino acid can lead to incorrectly folded protein WHY 32 Possible outcomes: mutation – leads to incorrectly folded protein * protein never functions properly loss of function protein folds properly at first but unfolds under certain conditions eventually loss of function * protein misfolds AND is deposited in insoluble aggregates within cell * loss of function and disruption of other aspects of cell activity * many human diseases now known to be associated with misfolded proteins . Alzheimers, cystic fibrosis, type II diabetes, retinitis pigmentosa, Parkinsons, Creutzfeldt-Jakob, some cancers *read about catalysts and enzymes in Janelle’s notes, page 8-9 Nucleic Acids: Information Polymers * deoxy ribo nucleic acid (DNA) sequence of subunits in DNA polymer directs RNA synthesis * ribo nucleic acid (RNA) * RNA directs ordering of AAs in a peptide chain * information stored as DNA sequences enables living organisms to pass on hereditary information * also allows each cell to pass on hereditary information to the next generation of cells Monomers of Nucleic Acids: Deoxyribo nucleotides – phosphate + deoxyribose + nitrogenous base(A,C, G, or T) Ribo nucleotides – phosphate + ribose + base (A,C,G, or U) Nucleic acids are linear (unbranched) polymers of nucleotides * each nucleotide consists of three parts: * a nitrogenous base a (5-carbon) pentose sugar * a phosphate group Purines = AGPyramidines= C,T and U * Ribose + base = nucleoside * Ribose + base + phosphate = nucleotide Functions of Nucleotides * monomeric units of RNA and DNA * important signal molecules within cells * cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) * important agents in energy transfer reactions * cleave off phosphate group to release stored energy * act as coenzymes – organic non-protein molecules required for enzyme function * usually adenine-containing nucleotides combined with B vitamins 8 condensation reaction 5’ end – beginning of chain. Chains always built 5’ 3’. Look at above example phosphate group is 5’ 3’ end – where new bases can be added Polymerization rxn’s are endergonic: * making phosphodiester bonds requires energy * energy comes from addition of 2 phosphate groups. * Activated nucleotides = nucleotide triphophates The most famous phosphorylated nucleotide †¦ adenosine triphosphate = ATP 11 adenine 4’ 5’ 5 6 1 2 3 9 4 8 7 1’ 3’ 2’ O P CH2 O O O– P O O O– P O –O O– OH OH O NH2 N N N N ribose adenine + ribose (= adenosine) Secondary Structure of DNA: two strands of DNA align in ‘antiparallel’ arrangement with bases facing inwards. H-bonds form between bases. P P P P P P P P C C G G A A T T P O O O O O O O O O O O C G OH P Note: 3 H-bonds between C and G, 2 between A and T. Only space in the sugar phosphate backbone is for Pyramidine and Purine to bond together. Features of DNA Double Helix * stabilized by H-bonds between complementary bases and hydrophobic interactions between bases * entire molecule water-soluble because charged phosphates backbone face outward * major and minor grooves are significant in regulation of gene transcription Higher Order DNA Structure: DNA molecules can adopt higher order structure – Allows for compact packaging and strict regulation of gene expression RNA vs DNA like DNA: sugar-phosphate backbone covalently linked by phosphodiester bonds * 4 different bases unlike DNA: * uracil (U) instead of thymine (T) * pairing is A-U, C-G * sugar is ribose instead of deoxyribose * hydroxyl group makes ribose much more reactive * RNA is much less stable than DNA Secondary Structure of RNA: like DNA: * H-bonds form between complementary ba se pairs unlike DNA: * most of the time, this base-pairing is between bases on the same strand * leads to formation of ‘stem and loop’ structures with single-stranded regions and double-stranded antiparallel regions * H-bonding is spontaneous, stabilizes the molecule final molecule is single-stranded * Complex folds can result in some RNA having catalytic activity Carbohydrates * Group of molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio: (CH2O)n Only monomers are in this ratio, oligomers you lose water * Monomer=monosaccharide * Dimer=disaccharide * Trimer=trisaccharide/oligosaccharide Types: 1. Monosaccharides – simple sugars 2. Oligosaccharides – small chains (oligo=few) * Attached to proteins – glycoproteins * Attached to lipids – glycolipids 3. Polysaccharides – very long sugar chains Typical Structural Features of Sugar Monomers: carbonyl group (either ketone or aldehyde) * lots of -OH groups * vary in length of carbon skeleton (C3, C5, C6, †¦) – triose, pentose, hexose * isomeric forms (glucose, fructose, galactose) * identical chemical groups arranged differently * monosaccharides often form rings in solution Isomers – same atoms, different arrangements structural isomer – identical groups but bonded to different carbons stereo (optical) isomer – identical groups bonded to same carbons but in different orientations sixteen different hexose structures possible, all with formula C6H12O6 C O H C OH OH H C OH H HO C H C O H C OH H H C OH H C OH H C OH H HO C H H C OH H structural isomer stereo- isomer H C C O HO C H H C OH H C OH H HO C H H C OH H fructose glucose galactose *arrangement of hydroxyl groups make a big difference in biological function Disaccharide – 2 sugar monomer: * glucose + fructose = sucrose(table sugar) * glucose + lactose = lactose * glucose + glucose = maltose Formation of disaccharides by condensation reactions. monomers are linked when C1 of one monosaccharide binds to a C on another – often C4 geometry of bond different depending on hether OH group of C1 is in ? or ? position which C of other sugar is involved in linkage 7 C1, ? C4 ?-glucose ?-glucose maltose, ? -1,4 glycosidic bond ?-galactose ?-glucose lactose, ? -1,4 glycosidic bond (glucose has flipped over) C1, ? C4 Polymerization to build Polysaccharides starch both are storage forms for energy starch – plants; glycogen – animals both consist of ? -glucose monome rs linked by ? -1,4 bonds both coil into a helix (due to geometry of linkages) starch is mixture of unbranched amylose and branched amylopectin glycogen is highly branched lycogen Structural Polysaccharide in Plants: Cellulose 9 polymer of ? -glucose, joined by ? -1,4 linkages each glucose is flipped relative to adjacent ones allows for H-bonding between adjacent strands extremely stable most abundant organic molecule on earth parallel strands joined by H-bonds Structural Polysaccharide in Animals: Chitin a component of cell walls of fungi, exoskeletons of arthropods (insects, crustaceans), radulas of molluscs, beaks of cephalopods second most abundant organic molecule on earth like cellulose, joined by ? 1,4 linkages but rather than glucose, monomer is N-acetylglucosamine like cellulose, also strengthened by H-bonding btw strands 10 Structural Polysaccharide in Bacteria: Peptidoglycan component of bacterial cell walls the most complex CHO so far! two different alternating monomers linked by ? -1,4 bonds chain of amino acids attached to one of the sugars – peptide bonds instead of H-bonds (stronger) Significance of how monosaccharides are linked: * ? -1-4 linkages of starch and glycogen readily hydrolyzed * ? 1-4 linkages in structural polysaccharides very resistant to enzymatic degradation For example: enzymes that digest cellulose (cellulase) produced only by certain classes of bacteria, fungi and protozoa Difference between glycosidic bonds from peptide and phosphodiester bonds: in common: * condensation reactions different: * peptide and phosphodiester bonds always occur at the same position within their monomers * each sugar monomer has several hydroxyl groups, and geometry of glycosidic bonds is highly variable Functions of Carbohydrates: Structural: * cellulose, chitin and peptidoglycan Cell-cell recognition: * membrane proteins covalently bonded to oligosaccharides Energy Storage * ? -1,4 –linkages of starch and glycogen are readily hydrolyzed to release stored energy Lipids * group of carbon-containing compounds that are largely non-polar / hydrophobic * significant proportion of a given lipid molecule is hydrocarbon * the only macromolecule that is not a polymer major groups of lipids in cells: * fats / oils – energy storage * sterols * cholesterol – membrane component * steroids – hormones * * Phospholipids * major component of biological membranes Fats (Triacylglycerols, Triglycerides) * form that fat is stores in apidose tissie * glycerol with 3 fatty acids attached * the link between glycerol and fatty acid = ester bond: condenstation rxn (liberates water) * hydrophobic * fatty acid(carboxylic acid with long hydrocarbon tail) Saturated Fatty Acid – have maximum number of hydrogen atoms on each atom; straight and flexible because of only single bonds Unsaturated Fatty Acid – contain at least 1 double bond. The double bond is rigid and creates a kink in the chain. The rest of the chain however is free to rotate about C-C bonds. Cis – H on the same side of double bond; don’t solidify easily Trans – H on the opposite side of the double bond. Hydrogenation – making a fat saturated/more solid at room temperature to improve shelf life therefore less healthy. Sterols – group of steroids based on cholesterol(important component of cell membrane) Phospholipids : * 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, 1 phosphate group(polar head group) * Amphipathic = hydrophilic and hydrophilic regions – their most important feature with respect to biology Micelles – sphere with hydrophobic tails ‘hiding’ in centre . Can only occur with relatively short tails Lipid Bilayer: Universal Structure for all Biological Membranes composition varies with: type of organism (prokaryote vs animal vs plant vs †¦) type of cell within organism (muscle, liver, sperm, egg, †¦) type of membrane within cell (plasma membrane, Golgi, ER) inner versus outer layer different patches or ‘domains’ within a particular membrane Fig 11-4 two closely apposed sheets of lipids, studded with proteins lipids serve as permeability barrier proteins perform most of the functions carbohydrates (sugars) attached to protein and lipids in a non-random manner *all membrane lipids are amphipathic Lipid bilayers form spontaneously: hydrophobic molecules would exclude water, clustering together to minimize energy cost of organizing water molecules * form large droplets or surface film * amphipathic molecules are subject to conflicting forces * solved by formation of bilayer * energetically most favourable stable, spontaneous * lipid bilayers are †¦ * closed – no free edges * self-sealing * important feature for cell fusion, budding, locomotion Fluid Mosaic Model * The plasma membrane is described to be fluid because of its hydrophobic integral components such as lipids and membrane proteins that move laterally or sideways throughout the membrane. That means the membrane is not solid, but more like a ‘fluid’. * phospholipids are constantly moving spinning in place; travelling laterally within ‘leaflet’ * phospholipids are occasionally ‘flipped’ to the opposite leaflet during membrane synthesis but they rarely ‘flop’ back * even proteins cruise slowly through the membrane! Membrane fluidity – how easily lipid molecules move within a membrane leaflet Alignment of phospholipid tails * tightly packed tails membrane more viscous, less fluid * freely moving tails higher fluidity What aspects of phospholipid composition influence this? length of fatty acids * from 14-24 carbons, 18-20 carbons most common * degree of saturation of fatty acids # double bonds * typically one saturated fatty acid and one with one or more double bonds Cholesterol: * under physiological conditions, cholesterol makes membrane stiffer – less fluid * cholesterol can make up to 50% of plasma mem brane lipid in some animal cells Regulation of Membrane Fluidity: – fluid state must be maintained for normal cell function strategies for maintaining membrane fluidity: * change composition of membranes * alter phospholipids desaturate fatty acids (to deal with cold) eg cold water vs warm water fish * change length of FA chains (yeast, bacteria) * adjust amounts of cholesterol (animals) these mechanisms have been demonstrated in: * pond fish dealing with dramatic day / night temp differences * cold-resistant plants * extremophile bacteria living in hot springs * winter wheat preparing for autumn ^ polyunsaturated FAs * sperm reduce their cholesterol just before fertilization †¦ Functions of Lipids: * storage of chemical energy * signal molecules * vitamins * wax coating on leaves * biological membranes How to cite Biol 130 First Midterm Notes, Essay examples

The Battle Of Saratoga 2 Essay Research free essay sample

The Battle Of Saratoga 2 Essay, Research Paper The Battle of Saratoga was in all likelihood the most of import conflict of the Revolutionary War. One misconception about this conflict is that it was really two conflicts right following to each other. These conflicts could hold really easy been a glorious British triumph, but the settlers outsmarted them, taking to a singular colonial triumph. Without a uncertainty, these conflicts were the turning point in the war. There are two points of the importance of the American triumph: foremost, it was the greatest triumph for the Americans in the war, and 2nd, France will come in the war on the settler s side. It all started with a really good British program. The British General Gentleman Johnny Burgoyne proposed a program to assail the northern settlements and cut them off from the others. Burgoyne was to take a force coming from Montreal, Canada to Upstate New York, where he would run into up with forces from Barry St. We will write a custom essay sample on The Battle Of Saratoga 2 Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Leger, coming from the West, and General Cornwallis coming from the South. They would so environ the settlers and claim triumph. However, as the old expression goes, The best set programs of mice and work forces most frequently go astray. In June, 1777, General Burgoyne set out from Montreal, on his manner to Upstate New York, with an ground forces of stopping point to 7,000 British soldiers, German soldier of fortunes ( besides known as Hessians ) , Loyalists, and Indians. Burgoyne s force proceeded down Lake Champlain and recaptured Fort Ticonderoga on July 5, 1777. After this, he so led his military personnels towards Albany, where he was supposed to run into up with the other two British forces. This well planned out meeting neer took topographic point. The British force led by General St. Leger neer made it to Albany because they were held back by a force of colonial militiamen. They were stuck contending the American ground forces when they should hold been in Albany. The other British force, led by General Cornwallis, was besides drawn off from Albany. As they were traveling north, Cornwallis s military personnels encountered a Continental Army led by General G eorge Washington. Alternatively of go oning north, they followed Washington s military personnels, who went back south. This left the lone British force to contend against a big American force led by General Horatio Gates. The two conflicts of Saratoga were at Freeman s Farm and Bemis Heights, two countries really near to each other. During both of these conflicts, General Gates merely sat back patiently and waited for the aggressive British ground forces to have on themselves out. This was a cagey maneuver. The conflict of Freeman s Farm was fought on September 19, 1777. As a consequence of this conflict, the British had 600 casualties, whereas the Americans merely had 320. The 2nd conflict, the conflict of Bemis Heights, was fought on October 7, 1777. At this conflict, the British had 600 more casualties as opposed to approximately 150 American casualties. Outnumbered and surrounded, Burgoyne reasonably much had no pick but to give up. General Johnny Burgoyne surrendered to the colonial ground forces on October 17, 1777. The Battles at Saratoga were decidedly the turning point in the war. They proved that the American s could win the Revolutionary War, which finally happened. After this conflict, the American forces got stronger for two grounds: France entered the war, and Prussian drillmaster Baron Von Steuben volunteered to assist flog the Continental Army into form. Following Von Steuben s preparation of the soldiers, the Americans looked like a wholly different ground forces. They were now disciplined, every bit good as educated in European combat tactics. I don t think that any of these of import events would hold occurred had non the Americans been winning at Saratoga. I don t even think the Americans would hold won the Revolutionary War if they didn t win in Saratoga. List OF 1 ) Battle of Saratoga, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.spa.net/battle/battle.htm 2 ) Leete Stone, William, Visit to the Saratoga Battle-Grounds, 1780-1880, Associated Faculty, January 1970 3 ) Revolutionary War in America World Book Encyclopedia World Book-Childcraft International, 1982

Advertising fast food to children Essays

Advertising fast food to children Essays Advertising fast food to children Essay Advertising fast food to children Essay Essay on the ethical statements refering the limitation of the advertisement of fast nutrient to kids. 2000 words. This paper examines the altering face of consumer-facing markets, concentrating peculiarly on the increasing force per unit areas for concerns to move both ethically, and responsibly. The peculiar illustration being considered here is that of fast nutrient and confectionary selling to kids, with UK markets supplying the primary empirical focal point. The paper will put out to analyze the groundswhythese force per unit areas are escalating at this clip, whether such tendencies have any logical or theoretical unity, and whether they are sustainable in concern footings. It will try to make so within the established models of some relevant ethical theory, taking history of Virtue moralss, Deontological moralss, and Teleological moralss, every bit good as Utilitarian moralss. Consequently, it will pay peculiar attending to the thought of a binary classification of ethical theoretical accounts, i.e. non-consequentialist or consequentialst – as proposed by Fischer and Lovell. As the latter argue, non-consequentialist moralss †¦determine what is right and incorrect from preset rules and criterions. They take no respect of the effects of an action†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ . Meanwhile, consequentialist moralss †¦measure the rightness of a thing harmonizing to whether it brings us close to†¦a desired state.’ ( Fischer and Lovell, 2006: p.101 ) . This paper concludes by reasoning that neither authorities nor supra-national bureaus can run any strictly ethical policies in this peculiar market, and that important behavioral alteration can merely have at an single degree. As the Parliamentary Office of Science and engineering puts it, Obesity occurs when an single takes in more energy than they expend, although some people are genetically more susceptible†¦the WHO/FAO expert group found converting grounds that high consumption of energy dense nutrients is a hazard factor†¦it besides found that heavy selling of fast nutrients and high consumptions of sugar sweetened drinks were likely hazard factors†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ ( Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 2003: p.2. ) To such mensural appraisals can be added the more alarmist commentaries in the mainstream UK imperativeness: as theDaily Mailobserves, Obesity rates in Britain are soaring†¦Despite Government warnings that we are turning into a state of sofa murphies and put on the lining obesity-related unwellnesss such as bosom disease and malignant neoplastic disease, our waistlines maintain growing.’ (Daily Mail2007 ) . The authorities itself, holding banned smoking from public topographic points, and fought a running conflict with the accredited industry over responsible intoxicant ingestion, has so far had small tummy for intercession in big diets. It is a different affair, nevertheless, in the instance of kids. In 2006, Caroline Flint, so curate for public wellness, told the influential Food Advertising Unit s one-year conference that the authorities would watch closely how companies complied with Ofcom s infliction of a nine o’clock watershed on fast nutrient publicities. We re clearly traveling to be supervising in footings of its impact’ warned Ms Flint, adding that she would be happy to see healthier sorts of nutrient and drink merchandises advertised to kids. There are some existent opportunities’ she said, noting that food market retail merchants had done a good occupation of †¦marketing healthier foods.’ ( Wiggins 2006: n.p. ) . However, as some perceivers closely associated with the attempted reform of dietetic gustatory sensations observe, the overall statistics mask more complex forms of ingestion mediated through societal category, context, income and chance. Liam Black, a close concern associate of dietetic candidate and famous person chef Jamie Oliver, warns that, †¦Obesity can non be driven back with a program for virally marketing Italian nutrient formulas scribbled on a impudent chart, as Mr. Oliver appears to believe. The hapless man’s diet is non the consequence of a deficiency of will but a symptom of a broader societal malaise†¦You can’t merely ride in on an organically-fed Equus caballus and hole it.’ ( Guthrie 2008: n.p. ) . However, where it has direct influence or control, for illustration in a school environment, it can be argued that the authorities does so hold a authorization and duty to step in. It has done so substantively through its Healthy Schools Programme, Schools Fruit and Ve getable Scheme, and the Physical Education, School Sport Club links programme ( PESSCL ) . ( Teachernet 2008: n.p. ) . What so are the ethical issues for those involved in the selling and publicity of fast nutrient to kids? Of the theoretical accounts outlined above, which may be most usefully applied in this instance? As Fischer and Lovell point out, Virtue moralss is non a system of regulations, but†¦a set of personal features that†¦will guarantee that the person is likely to do the right’ pick within any ethically complex situation.’ ( Fischer and Lovell, 2006: p.102 ) . In its strictest footings, the demand implicit in Deontological Ethics proscribes the net income maximization which fast nutrient concerns are, logically, edge to prosecute. However, as Fischer and Lovell besides indicate. One possible manner out of this cul-de-sac is to make a hierarchy of categorical jussive moods. In this manner the categorical jussive mood of always tell the truth’ would be inferior to the categorical jussive mood of †¦lie if it will salvage an guiltless life’ . ( Fis cher and Lovell, 2006: p.111 ) . Meanwhile Teleological moralss, as the same governments indicate, †¦combine an purpose to work towards an terminal with a peculiar position of what establishments are necessary to accomplish it†¦This term means that the rightness or goodness of an action is non intrinsic to that action but can merely be judged by its consequences.’ ( Fischer and Lovell, 2006: p.124 ) . When these ideal type’ ethical places are considered, it shortly becomes clear that the chase of commercial or corporate terminals sits uncomfortably with an direct application of Virtue, Deontological or Teleological moralss. Does the staying theoretical account, that of Utilitarian moralss, supply a clearer analysis? Again, it may be helpful to mention to Fischer and Lovell’s perceptual experience of what they see as act utilitarianism’ . One danger of Utilitarianism, which cost-benefit analysis is designed to turn to, is that organisations seek to maximisea goodinstead thanthe good.’ ( Fischer and Lovell, 2006: p.131 ) . Arguably, it is the useful place to which the authorities can put claim in trying to restrict the selling of fast nutrient to kids. In a typical theoretical account of official intercession, it is neer rather that simple nevertheless. In its most basic signifier, Benthamite utilitarianism would raise a greatest felicity of the greatest number-type’ policy government. In other words, facts would be elicited by official question, and thesalus populisought through calibrated statute law, with cardinal grants to single autonomy. Commercial and financial force per unit areas would so encroach on the procedure, including ( intelligibly ) opaque buttonholing from the fast nutrient corporations themselves. For illustration, from a wellness position, there can be few useful statements for the continued right to smoke. For a assortment of grounds nevertheless, there remains small chance of the authorities wholly censoring it. The instance of fast nutrient is arguably a more complex one, with the positive and negative statements less clearly defined. Although the general bias would likely keep that fast nutrientdoescontribute to fleshiness, diabetes, and other wellness jobs, the load of cogent evidence in single instances lies really much with the anti-fast nutrient anteroom at present. For illustration, consecutive American legal instances seeking punitory amendss from nutrient ironss have so far borne no fruit, although, as Grant studies, †¦the determination ( to continue the claimant’s instance ) puts the fast nutrient companies back in the sauteing pan, at least temporarily, it merely allows the claims to last procedurally for one more unit of ammunition of discovery†¦.It was still unsure how far the test tribunal will let find to come on before. . . sing dismissal†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ ( Grant 2005: n.p. ) . As Wiggins studies, new airing guidelines have besides prompted originative response s from makers, such as the increased usage of digital selling: Pepsi’s picture web site www.maxyourlife.com is a cardinal illustration. ( Wiggins 2006: n.p. ) Meanwhile, apparently benign and ethical promotional runs such as Cadbury’sGet Activeverifiers, in world offered kids a free volleyball in return for devouring the equivalent of 5,440 bars of cocoa. ( Lee et al 2005: p.211 ) . Taking this sort of activity into history, it is clear that official force per unit areas on fast nutrient selling may be the soft option for authoritiess caught between useful force per unit areas and broad expedience. From a corporate point of view, the job is more clear cut. As Altman observes, using a Kantian analysis: From a Kantian position, a corporation can hold no duty at all. Insofar as it is a tool, and a good tool performs its designated map good, a good corporation maximizes net incomes for its shareholders.’ ( Altman 2007: p.261 ) In the concluding analysis, the outlook that corporate endeavors will one-sidedly withdraw from moneymaking markets fails to admit the existent nature of the typical council chamber moral force, and the hegemony of stockholders in seeking dividends. As Monks and Minow point out, stockholders should try to maximize contestability in the corporate paradigm by seeking board members who will replace under-performing troughs when necessary , and by replacing board members who will non accept this responsibility.’ ( Monks and Minow, 2004: p.516 ) . The restriction of fast nutrient selling through the media may good hold – in little portion at least – the coveted consequence on children’s diets. There is small grounds at present nevertheless, that their appetency for – or ingestion of – fast nutrient, is decreasing. As Wiggins studies, †¦KFC s determination to cut back on advertisement to kids does non look to hold had an impact on its concern. The group s portion of the UK fast nutrient market rose to 12.4 per cent in 2005 from 11.9 per cent in 2002 ’ ( Wiggins 2006: n.p. ) . It may besides be argued that implementing dietetic alteration is non truly the map of selling controls, which simply illustrate the bounds of authorities authorization over what is basically a affair of single pick. Whereasanybaccy ingestion is deemed medically harmful, merely continuedover-ingestion of fat, salt and sugar can hold the same consequence. The authorities therefore has no authorization for legislative intervention in retailing, where such simple binary determinations but healthy/unhealthy are non applicable. Conversely, the fast nutrient ironss have strong inducements to collaborate with official guidelinesbeforeauthorities is forced to pass. An illustration of this occurred in New York City, where Board of Health h earings prompted the matter-of-fact backdown of unreal trans fats or hydrogenated oils from KFC mercantile establishments. ( Foster 2006: n.p. ) The same discretional moderateness of marketing proverb KFC stop its policy of offering playthings as portion of its Kids Choice’ bill of fare. ( Wiggins 2006: n.p. ) . In world, informedgovernments know that superficial dietetic counsel can non be a replacement for the deep social intercession required. As IASCO and the British Medical Association jointly express it, †¦Interventions at the household or school degree will necessitate to be matched by alterations in the societal and cultural context so that the benefits can be sustained and enhanced. Such bar schemes will necessitate a co-ordinated attempt between the medical community, wellness decision makers, instructors, parents, nutrient manufacturers and processors, retail merchants and caterers, advertizers and the media, diversion and athletics contrivers, urban designers, metropolis contrivers, politicians and legislators.’ ( IASCO 2008: n.p. ) . If this is accepted, it will necessitate much more than a nine o’clock media watershed for fast nutrient selling, to control childhood fleshiness. Bibliography Altman, M.C. , ( 2007 ) , The Decomposition of the Corporate Body’ ,Journal of Business Ethical motives,Vol.74, No.3, pp.253-266, Springer, USA. Blythman, J. , ( 2005 ) ,Shopped: The Shocking Power of British Supermarkets, Harper Perrenial, London. Cadbury-Schweppes, ( 2006 ) , Corporate and Social Responsibility Report, London. Carroll A.B. and Buchholz A. ( 2003 ) ,Business and Society: Ethical motives and Stakeholder direction, 5th Ed, Thomson: South-Western. Chryssides, G.D. and Kaler, J.H. ( Eds ) , ( 1993 )An Introduction to Business Ethical motives, Chapman and Hall, London. Daily Mail14ThursdayAugust 2007. De George, R. T. , ( 1995 ) ,Business Ethical motives,4ThursdayEdition, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Donaldson, T. , and Werhane, P.H. , ( 1988 ) ,Ethical Issues in Business: A Philosophical Approach,Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Bouckaert, L. , ( 1994 ) , Business and Community’ in Harvey, B. , ( 1994 ) , ( erectile dysfunction ) ,Business Ethical motives, a European Approach,Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs NJ. pp.154-191. Fisher, C. , Lovell, A. , ( 2006 ) ,Business Ethical motives and Valuess, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, London. Foster, L. , NYC Considers ban on unhealthy fats’ ,Financial Times,31 Oct 2006, INTERNET, available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7d22d2ae-6885-11db-90ac-0000779e2340.html [ viewed 12.10.08 ] , n.p. Grant, J. , Fast-food Sellerss fear the fat will get down actioning them’ ,Financial Times,1stFeb 2005, INTERNET, available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ft.com/cms/s/0/416e23a0-74a1-11d9-a769-00000e2511c8.html [ viewed 12.10.08 ] , n.p. Guthrie, J. , Man in the intelligence: Jamie Oliver’ ,Financial Times,3 Oct 2008, INTERNET, available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ft.com/cms/s/0/069bcf58-9175-11dd-b5cd-0000779fd18c.html, [ viewed 12.10.08 ] n.p. Harvey, B. , ( 1994 ) , ( erectile dysfunction ) ,Business Ethical motives, a European Approach,Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs NJ. Hooley, G. , Saunders, J. , A ; Piercy, N. , ( 2004 )Marketing Strategy and Competitive Positioning( 3rdEdition ) Prentice Hall, Essex. IASCO, International Association for the Study of Obesity,Childhood Obesity Sydney Principles Consultation,INTERNET, available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.iotf.org/childhoodobesity.asp [ viewed 14.10.08 ] , n.p. John Lewis Partnership Plc Annual Report and Accounts, 2007. Lee, K. , Carter, S. , ( 2005 ) , Global Marketing Management: Changes, Challenges and New Strategies, Oxford, p.211. Monks, R. , and Minow, N. , ( 2004 ) ,Corporate Administration, Basil Blackwell, Oxford. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, ( 2003 ) , Childhood Obesity’ ,Postnote,Sept, No.5. Post, J. , Lawrence, A.T. , and Weber, J. , ( 2002 ) ,Business and Society: Corporate Strategy, Public Policy, Ethics,McGraw Hill, Boston. J.Sainsbury Plc, Annual Report and Financial Statement 2005. Teachernet, ( 2008 ) , Tackling the growing in childhood obesity’ , INTERNET, available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.teachernet.gov.uk/wholeschool/healthyliving/obesity/ [ viewed 12.10.08 ] , n.p. Varley, R. , ( 2001 ) ,Retail Product Management, Routledge, London. Wiggins, J. , Fast Food Chains Curb Targeting of Children’ ,Financial Times,15 Nov 2006, INTERNET, available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ft.com/cms/s/0/421ffd10-744e-11db-8dd7-0000779e2340.html [ viewed 12.10.08 ] , n.p.

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Rely on Our Expert Service for Assignment Crafting Help Has your professor assigned you with a paper, and you’re wondering â€Å"what is a health essay?† If you’re a student taking dentistry, pharmacy, nursing, alternative medicine, nutrition, psychology, social care, or any other healthcare-related course, there is a high probability that you will be creating health-related essays every once in a while. Furthermore, students taking other unrelated courses could be expected to craft a health paper at one point in their academic life. Therefore, you must be familiar with the rules of crafting such a paper. Modern medicine has come up with a lot of varying innovations and solutions for a lot of diseases. Still, we have more than enough cases where there are a lot of contradictions, or they are far too complicated. Such cases could include euthanasia, cancer, mental illnesses, congenital disabilities, difficult disability cases, etc. That’s just the reality despite the high tech that has revolutionized this indust ry. So, rest assured that at one point, you’ll be tasked with the responsibility of handling such a topic. If you need professional assistance handing this, then you’ve come to the right place. Our service is in the business of creating essays for students just like you. So, reach out if you need help. Also, we will provide you with a guide on how to write a health essay step by step that way you’re aware of what is expected of you. The Guideline on How to Write a Health Essay In most cases, the beginning is never easy. Even the most competent writer feels a sensation of doubtfulness and fear when he/she is tasked with crafting a paper. The most important thing to note is that you don’t have to be perfect or proficient in doing this. You just need to learn the necessary skills and start the crafting process. Just like creating any other type of academic paper, writing a health essay follows a specific pattern, it needs time for preparation, it is complicated, and you need to begin as soon as you can. The earlier you start thinking about the topic and the titles, the more time you’ll have to come up with the material. If you’ve been told to handle a particular topic, then you get right to it and start researching. However, if you don’t have a specific topic that you’re handling, you will have to think of several ideas and choose the most interesting and relevant topic to handle. To start with, it is important that you outline everything that you’re aware of on your paper. Such a technique will give you several ideas; that way, going about crafting your essay will be easy. You can create a draft and come up with a preliminary list of questions. As you start to study various material, you will be able to answer all these questions. The Process of How to Start a Health Essay You must be knowledgeable about how to begin a health essay. As stated above, starting means that you already need to have in mind the topic that you’re handling. Once you have come up with an appropriate and interesting topic, then you can embark on conducting research. There are very many research sources online. However, not all of them can be used for your papers. Make sure that you’re aware of the most relevant sources for your paper. Besides, for these papers, it is important to make use of the most recent research sources. Once you’ve decided on the sources, then you can start crafting your paper. It is important to note that there is a specific structure of a health essay. It opens with an introduction which will contain several commentaries to your essay’s topic- probably basic definitions of concepts or description of the meaning of the question. Besides, in this area, you need to list all the aspects of the topic that have to be considered. The main body has to use illustrations and examples to reveal every argument. Make sure to divide your information logically by partitioning your content in paragraphs. Also, analyse the structure of your paper and ensure that the main body leads to your conclusion in a logical sense. Finally, the conclusion will summarize all the ideas that you have expressed. Answer all the topic questions and point out opinions, as well as the consequences of the presented problem. Important Tips for Writing a Health Essay You can put the following tips into mind if you need to know how to write a good health essay: Take time to choose a topic- There are very many topics in health to choose from. Whether you’re writing argumentative, descriptive, or persuasive essays, there are tons of topics you can choose from, especially considering how wide this discipline is. Spend ample time to identify what topic you want to write The topic has to excite you that way you find it easy to write about. Still, ensure that you can find information on it- a topic may be interesting but have little details. Go through your work- you need to go through your work several times to ensure that it is grammatically correct and has been properly structured. Besides, check your work for plagiarism. Ensure that your content is 100% unique. Organize your working process- it is important that you not only prepare your time carefully, but you should also outline your paper beforehand. Also, follow all the guidelines regarding structure. Alternatively, you can check the samples on similar topics and see how they have been written. Start preparing in advance- You need to decide how and what you intend to cover early on. Do not wait until the last minute to start. This will help you write a focused and consistent research paper, as well as spend less time to edit your paper later. Order Now for Professional and Timely Help Do you still need help despite our detailed guide on how to make a health essay? No need to worry. We got your back. Order now, and a proficient writer from our team will work on your paper, while you handle the rest of your responsibilities.

Jazz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Jazz - Essay Example The slaves bought with themselves their music traditions (Cooke, 7-9).  There were grand dinners and festivals arranged which featured the African dances in the city of New Orleans. Similar gatherings occurred in  New England  and  New York. The African music lacked the harmony present in the European music but the rhythms reflected the similarity of the two music genres (Cooke, 11-14). An increasing number of black musicians eventually learnt how to play various European instruments in the early 19th century, especially the  violin. The black slaves who had come as a result of the slave trade had by now learned the harmonic style of  European music  and incorporated it into their own music styles (Cooke, 14-28). Many historians agree to it that jazz began just prior to the 20th century and its birthplace is the city of New Orleans. Prior to the World War I, the Creole band which was a band of New Orlean black musicians toured many parts of the country and therefore, jazz music was introduced to many cities like this. The Dixieland band group created the very first example of Ned Orleans style jazz by recording the music. The very first Blues number was the â€Å"Dallas Blues† recorded in the year 1912. There were many hit songs from different musicians in the 1900’s including Saint Louis Blues by W.C Handy and Indiana by Ballard MacDonald. The latter was the first recording by the Dixieland jazz band. Until the 1950’s, jazz was considered as music intended mostly for dancing (Tyle). Jazz is more than hundred years old but the actual circumstances of the birth of this music are rarely known because the recordings of the first jazz band were lost and therefore it is difficult to assume as to how it sounded, but it is possible to create an account of its emergence by gathering scraps of tit bits and information pieces. Jazz music was different. In the beginning, many musicians had worried about the impact of Jazz on the young generation, as such

What is wrong with the education system Research Paper

What is wrong with the education system - Research Paper Example Moreover, the quality and quantity of services provided by teachers can be directly linked to the aspect of teacher tenure and union of education, considering that these aspects focus on the welfare of teachers while overlooking the welfare of students and the education system as a whole. Teacher Tenure The biggest factor in consideration with teacher tenure is the fact that it enhances complacency of teachers being covered by the tenureship policy, since they cease to fear placing their jobs under risks. In consideration to enhancement of complacency among teachers, it becomes certain that quantity and quality of services being offered by these teachers may be compromised. More so, teachers who are seen to openly compromise quality and quantity of work cannot be easily fired, since, compared to regular teachers, it is more expensive and hard to fire tenured teachers. This is due to the fact that there is a lengthy and complex documentation process that seeks to prove that unsatisfac tory and poor performance of the tenure teacher to be fired. Other than proving and documenting the poor performance claims of a tenured teacher, a court of law must critically scrutinize the allegations agree to the claims (Nixon, Packard and Douvanis, 2007, p. 43-45). Administrators often seek to weed out poorly performing teachers in an effort to improve education standards; however, weeding out under performing teachers who are tenured is more costly than retaining them. This aspect of retention leads to accumulation of non-performing teachers and thus consequently affecting the education system as a whole. The education system is in a crisis considering the fact that teachers’ performance is critical to the success of the students and the education system as a whole. The profession of teachers needs to recruit and retain the brightest and best teachers with promotion, security and other benefits being emphasized on merit. Although teachers need security and employment as surance from unjustified lose of job probably from political influences, the systems should not overprotect them to the extent that performance issues are compromised (Philips, 2009, p.3). Retaining the best teachers needs to start from the principals being able to evaluate and fire their teachers with regards to student achievement and performance standards of teachers. Poor performance of teachers needs to be critically dealt with given the fact that many students come from unstable homes and therefore highly in need of well performing teacher in order to boost their quality of education irrespective of their unstable lives. Teachers should be judged based on the teaching services they render and their ability to impact positively on the lives of students in the classrooms they teach. Teacher tenure negatively impacts on the education system although the policy was basically meant to establish fair procedures to protect teachers from political, discriminatory, and personal treatme nt by employers. The policy has however been misused to protect incompetent teachers rather protecting competent teachers to enable high retention of best teachers for fostering high education standards. However, employers can overcome incompetence factor by hiring competent teachers who are qualified with regards to real performance issue. Teacher tenure should only be used to protect teachers from injustice and politics school boards and external powers may use against them and ensure teachers

The Importance of Uniforms in Public Schools Essay -- Argumentative Pe

The Importance of Uniforms in Public Schools Abstract: For a while, dress codes have been implemented in private and parochial schools across the county. It wasn't until more recent that the issue was brought to discussion about a dress code in public schools. Uniforms serve a purpose to the schools that are adapting the change in attire. The uniform dress code has helped make private and parochial schools more prestigious for their organization and the results of it. Uniforms would be beneficial to the public school system because a lot of what the public school system is known for would be stopped because of the newly executed dress code. The Importance of Uniforms in Public Schools Imagine a world where there was no organization, and it can be related to a public school. Imagine a world with no violence and gangs and class separation, and you can relate it to a parochial or private school. This is quite possibly due to the fact that the private and parochial schools use uniforms. Public schools have recently stepped up to their 'A' game around the country by implementing a new dress code. This dress code involves the required clothing in uniforms, which for a boy may include, a blazer, a polo shirt, a tie, khaki pants and dress shoes; and for a girl, a polo shirt with a plaid skirt, white socks and dress black shoes. This type of attire in school puts students in the mindset for future life, while making them feel as if they are accomplishing a great deal. While uniforms were first used in England as a source to ostracize poor children who could not afford attire, their purpose has changed drastically over the past century to represent the complete opposite the n their origination. The use of uniforms have been par... ...ckquemore. "The Effect of Student Uniforms on Attendance, Behavior Problems, Substance Use, and Academic Achievement." The Journal of Educational Research 13 Feb. 1998. The Parental Action Committee of Polk County, Florida. 5 Apr. 2000 <http://www.members.tripod.com/rockqu/ uniform.html>. Million, June. (1996 April). Do the Clothes Make the Student? School Uniforms May be Coming Your Way. NAESP. Retrieved 26 April 2005. From the world wide web: http://www.naesp.org/ContentLoad.do?conten tId= 266&action=print. Summers, Norman. (2001 October) ?The effects of dress on School Discipline.? Retrieved 29 April 2005. from the world wide web: (becomes Adobe Reader). Williams, Darlene. ?School Uniforms. The Raging Debate.? Retrieved 29 April 2005. From the world wide web: file:///E:/ISTC%20201/School%20Uniforms%20The% 20Raging%20Debate%20by%20Darlene%20Williams.htm

Bite Me: A Love Story Chapter 21

21. Being the Chronicles of Abby Normal: The Mopey Monosexuality of an Outcast Cutie Corpse Much like the guy in Herman Hesse's novel Steppenwolf (which everyone knows means, â€Å"wolf going up the steps†) who runs into the ENTRANCE NOT FOR EVERYBODY sign outside of the Magic Theater, when it comes to romance, I am definitely not on the list. Loneliness is my â€Å"plus one.† Bitterness is my boo. Oh, it was sweet waking up at sundown, nearly in the arms of my Dark Lord, snuggled up in our utility shed on the roof. I probably shouldn't have snatched that pigeon out from under the eave and sort of sucked its little throat, but in my defense, breakfast is the most important meal of the day, and I swore off anything with feathers because they are nasty. Still, I think Lord Flood would have forgiven me spitting bloody feathers on his linen trousers if my tail hadn't harshed our search plan. There, now everyone knows. I have a tail. Which is kinda the reason we had to return to the love lair instead of continuing our search for the Countess. Foo called just before sunup to say that all the rats had died. So I'm like, â€Å"Non sequitur much, Foo? If you miss me, you can just apologize and grovel a little and we'll move on.† And he's like, â€Å"No, Abby, you don't understand. There's something in their DNA, they just sort of expire after a week or so of being a vampyre.† And I'm like, â€Å"My poor, sad Foo Dog, are you sure that your mantenna isn't just using dead rats to send an S.O.S. for a return to tuna town? Hmmmm?† And he's all, â€Å"No, Abby, you have rat DNA tied in with your vampirism, the same way Chet has human DNA.† And I'm all, â€Å"Nuh-uh.† And he's all, â€Å"You have to come back here. Abby, I know you have a tail.† And I'm like, â€Å"Fucksocks,† and I offed my phone. So when Flood and I come to in the shed on the roof, I'm like, â€Å"We may need to check in with Foo.† And Flood is like, â€Å"Call him and tell him that there are old vampyres here to clean up. He needs to be ready. We'll be there in a few minutes.† And I'm like, â€Å"I'll text him. I'm not speaking to him right now.† So, like, Tommy showed me how you couldn't run too fast, or someone would notice something was up, so you had to sort of go in bursts and I wasn't supposed to jump over cars and whatnot because that shit is a dead giveaway that you are nosferatu. Although I did â€Å"rawr† some tourists on the cable car, because they needed it. And if you ask them they will all be, â€Å"She was trs scary, and back in Cowfuck, Nebraska, we know that ‘rawr' is totally a thing because we have family values and whatnot.† So after running in bursts for like three blocks I rawred down a cab that was halted by my awesome dark powers and the hundred-dollar bill I was waving, and we rode to the love lair, where Jared let us in. And Jared was all, â€Å"OMG, OMG, OMFG, Abs, the rats are dead!† And I'm like, â€Å"Not news. Awesome vamp robot pirate ship, equals news.† And Jared is like, â€Å"For realz?† And I'm like, â€Å"Totes.† And he kind of does a gayboy squee that was a little embarrassing, so I'm all, â€Å"Where's Foo?† And Foo comes out of the bedroom and I go to kiss him and he sort of stops and holds up his little blood vials, like, â€Å"Oh, no kisses, Abby, I have breakables.† So I backed off. And he's like, â€Å"Abby we need to change you back. Right away.† And I'm like, â€Å"No way, Foo. I am finished with your petty human weakness.† And he like waves to all the rat boxes, and all the rats are just lying in the bottom of them. And I'm all, â€Å"So?† And Foo's like, â€Å"They just dropped, within hours of each other. There's some incompatibility with the vampyre virus.† â€Å"It's a virus?† goes Tommy. And Foo's all, â€Å"I don't know exactly what it is, but it binds to the host DNA and it carries the DNA to the infected.† And I'm like, â€Å"So?† And that's when Foo blurts out that I have a tail to Flood, and I just want to crawl in a hole and die, except for it being redundant. Then Jared's like, â€Å"Would you guys like something to drink? Some blood or something?† And I'm like, â€Å"No thanks, I had a pigeon.† And Flood is like, â€Å"Yes, I'll have some.† And he's about to take a sip from a wineglass that Jared poured, and I see his fangs, which are trs sexy now that he's not ripping my throat out with them, and he's like, â€Å"Oh, Abby, if this turns out to be drugged, tear Steve's arms off.† And I'm like, â€Å"‘Kay,† then to Foo, I'm like, â€Å"Rawr. Shut up.† And Foo's like, â€Å"It's not drugged.† So we tell Foo and Jared about the ship and the old vampyres and how they are here to clean house, and about what the Kona guy said about second generation vampyres. And Foo's like, â€Å"That's you, Tommy.† And Flood is like, â€Å"I know. I have to find Jody. And you and Jared need to get away from this apartment. Go somewhere, stay until you hear it's all clear or the Raven leaves.† And Foo is like, â€Å"How did you think to go to the dock anyway?† So we told him about Madame Natasha and the sunken ship in the north end of the City and whatnot, and he's all rolling his eyes, because he doesn't believe in magic, despite the fact that he's rolling his eyes at two vampyres. And he's like, â€Å"Did you try the Sunken Ship?† And we're like, â€Å"Whaaaa?† And he's like, â€Å"It's a bar down on Jackson Street. It was built on top of one of the Gold Rush ships that was abandoned there. You can still see the ribs of the ship in the basement.† And Flood's like, â€Å"The Sunken Ship? That's what it's called?† And I'm like, â€Å"Kind of obvious.† And Flood's like, â€Å"We need to go there.† And Foo's all, â€Å"No, I have to change you both back. You could drop any minute.† So I go, â€Å"As if. We have to find the Countess.† And Tommy's all, â€Å"After. All that after.† So Foo goes, â€Å"Well, then take these.† And he gives Flood and me each a thing that looks like an aluminum flashlight with a blue glass erection. And I'm all, â€Å"Uh, we can see in the dark, and heat, and we have someone on retainer who can see into the future, so, thanks, but†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"They're UV lasers,† goes Foo, in the middle of my dismissal. â€Å"They use them to fuse UV sensitive polymers in vacuum chambers.† And Tommy looks at me like, â€Å"What?† And I look at him like, â€Å"No fucking idea.† So Foo runs on like, â€Å"They would just burn me or Jared if you held it on us, like a high-intensity sunlamp. But you'd have to hold it there for about five seconds.† So Flood looks at me like, â€Å"What?† And I look at him like, â€Å"I got nothing.† So Foo takes Tommy's flashlight from him and he goes, â€Å"Like this.† And he points the flashlight at one of the dead rat boxes and it busts out with this intense blue beam and whoosh instant rat charcoal. So Flood and I are like, â€Å"Oh.† â€Å"You can't just leave them on like the UV jackets. They work with a capacitor that builds a charge and lets go with a two-second burst, but you can probably cut a vamp in half in that time. I made them for Rivera and Cavuto.† And Tommy goes, â€Å"Well don't give one to them, for fuck's sake, they're hunting me and Jody.† â€Å"And me,† I go. â€Å"And me,† goes Jared. And we look at him. And he goes, â€Å"Not because I'm a vampyre. Because that big cop hates me.† Then he looked embarrassed and he goes, â€Å"Hey, you guys, your eyes are bleeding.† And I look at Tommy and I'm all, â€Å"WTF?† And Foo's like, â€Å"You guys should probably wear sun-glasses with UV filtering if you're going to use those, or, you know, they could hurt your eyes.† So Flood's like, â€Å"Good to know.† And Foo's like, â€Å"You should know that they can't go to mist if they're hurt or under exposure to any significant UV. I tested it with the rats. Which means you can't either.† And we're all, â€Å"Uh-huh.† And he's like, â€Å"What will you do?† And Flood is like, â€Å"We're going to the Sunken Ship and see if we can find Jody, and then I guess we're going to see if we can get on a pirate ship. What about you?† â€Å"I have to break the lab down first, but I know some guys in my program at Berkeley that have an extra room. I can stay there.† And Flood is like, â€Å"Take Jared with you. Elijah saw him. Anyone Elijah knows or who knew about him is in danger.† And Jared is all, â€Å"Nooooo, Berkeley is way too butch.† So I ‘splain to Tommy, â€Å"Jared is afraid of butch lesbians. They were invented in Berkeley.† And Foo is like looking at Jared, and looking at me, and looking at Flood, and looking at his dead rats, and he's all, â€Å"Can't you at least leave Abby here and let me change her back?† And Flood looks at me and I'm all, â€Å"Bitch, please, I have a light sabre.† And I grabbed Foo and kissed him hard, but I could feel him pulling away. And he's like, â€Å"Abby, after this is over-â€Å" And I'm like, finger on his lips, â€Å"Shh, shh, shh, Foo. Do not awkwardize the moment with sniveling. I've been preparing my whole life for this.† And I have. So we jammed. And outside Flood is like, â€Å"You okay?† And I'm all, â€Å"Yeah. Do you think I'm a freak because I have a tail?† And he's all, â€Å"No, not because of that.† Which was awesome for him to say. So we did the low-profile walk to Walgreens, where we bought three pairs of sunglasses and a disposable cell phone for Tommy and I got some Gummi bears, which I am dipping in blood and eating now-biting off their little bear heads. Then we go over to the financial district and we find the bar called the Sunken Ship on Jackson Street in the old section, and there's a big picture of a sailing ship, and THE SUNKEN SHIP is carved in big letters, and we're not two blocks from the roof where we spent the night, and I'm all, â€Å"Oops.† And Flood is like, â€Å"Now what?† And I'm like, â€Å"Don't you have fake ID?† I was kind of fucking with him for pretending to be five hundred years old when we first met, when he's only nineteen. And he's like, â€Å"No, do you?† â€Å"Yeah. Like six of them. I'll go in and look around.† And he's like, â€Å"Okay.† So I start to go inside, where all these suits and citizens are, and I hear, â€Å"Hey,† a girl's voice. Quiet, but like she knows we can hear. And it's the Countess, palming a door shut on this below-street apartment. And she's in like black jeans carrying a pair of Nikes, but her hair is all glorious, and in like an instant she's up over the rail, not even touching the stairs, and in Tommy's arms. And it was beautiful, and sad, and I felt my heart break, but then it was like leaping for joy, because I really do love the Countess, and I love Tommy, but they love each other, and well-fucksocks. So I'm like, â€Å"Cold-faced killers on the clock, bitches, we don't have time for your bonery right now.† And the Countess like lets Tommy go and gives me a big hug and she's like, â€Å"So, girl-e-girl, the dead thing, it works for you.† And I'm like, â€Å"Duh.† And she looks at Flood and she's, â€Å"I'm not sure about the tropical thing though.† And he's like, â€Å"Abby sprayed pigeon blood on my pants.† And she's like, â€Å"No, that part's good.† And he's like, â€Å"She has a tail.† And I'm like, â€Å"Traitor!† Then she looks all sad, and she's like, â€Å"Tommy, we need to talk.† And he's like, â€Å"No, we need to move.† So, while we walk toward the water we explain about the old vamps and the clean up, and the Raven and whatnot. ‘Kayso, now we're on the roof of the Bay Club, which is a really nice gym across the street from the dock, and we are staking out the Raven, and from up here we can see into the cockpit, which is like the size of a whole apartment. And they're there. The three of them and Kona, the blond Rasta guy. Two women and a guy. And they're looking all fly in their black bodysuits and black trench coats and all. But the tall blond guy has something on the table, a long case, and he takes something out and starts putting it together. I'm all, â€Å"What's he got?† â€Å"It's a rifle,† goes the Countess. WTF? WTF? WTF? I go, â€Å"A gun?† And Tommy goes, â€Å"What's with the gun?† And I'm like, â€Å"Yeah, guns are for shit on vampyres. Uh, us.† I still totally don't want to get shot. And Jody's like, â€Å"They're not going after vampyres.† And Tommy's like, â€Å"Abby, would you stop typing. Please?† And I'm like, â€Å"Rawr!† And Jody's like, â€Å"He's leaving the ship.† And I'm all, â€Å"WTF?† And Jody's all, â€Å"We have to follow.† ‘Kayso, gotta jet. L8erz.